Lisa Glynn, 0187211, Class1000 Essay Example For Students

Lisa Glynn, 0187211, Class1000 Essay Making Comedy of the court-system in The WaspsOld comedies are not derived from the traditional Greek mythologicaland legendary elements; rather they are the very fabrications of the comicpoet himself typically involving the current social issues of the specifictime. They are a mixture of good humor, audacious and malevolent satire,wit and freedom of political and social criticisms. They are also quitesimilar in structure, containing three main traditional elements: theingredients, the arrangement and the dynamic. Aristophanes exemplifies allthese characteristics in his humorous comedy The Wasps, as he satirizes thepresent court system in Athens. The central characters in the play areonce again a father and son figure, Philocleon (in favor of Cleon) andBdelycleon (detester of Cleon). This instantaneously demonstrates thequick wit of Aristophanes as he is attempting to poke fun at Cleon, a pro-democratic politician of the time. This is very common in all ofAristophanes comedies. There is always an important social or politicalfigure mocked, another example being Socrates in The Clouds. Since Cleonis the main figure to be mocked, the audience can hence foresee that thiscomedy will be centrally based around the current court system and the jury-mens love for these litigations. We are first introduced to Philocleon by Xanthias, a slave ofPhilocleon, in his address to the audience. We are told that judging isPhilocleons hobby and that he is so accustomed to hold the ballotingpebble, that he awakes with his three fingers pinched together as if hewere offering incense to the new moon (www.textkit.com/files/the_wasps.pdf) As well, the audience also gets privy to the knowledge that he is amerciless judge and his son has locked him up in order to prevent him fromgoing out and judging. When Philocleon comes into the scene, he is makingridiculous attempts to escape in order to get to the tribunals. Theseattempts are quite comical, for example, he pretends to be the smoke comingout of the chimney. This allows us to see how insane Philocleon is aboutjudging and permits us to first see Aristophanes view on the lunacy of thejurymen themselves. We also see Aristophanes comical interpretation ofthe jurymen when the chorus enters the scene. They are representing theother jurymen coming to get Philocleon. However, they are depicted aswasps and in fact come into scene dressed up as wasps. This is meant tofoolishly show how addicted these men are to the court proceedings, whoswarm outside the tribunal in hopes of getting picked for one of the daystrials. They are not men of real justice; rather they are men who havesimply become addicted to judging. This gives us real insight into how thecourt systems worked. Aristophanes wished to display what a farce thecourt system was. There was no real justice done, the only justice wasthat through these jurymens blind eyes for conviction. In fact,Philocleon compares himself and the other jurymen to a king in asking ifthere was anyone whose might was greater than theirs. He also voices thatif A father on his death-bed names some husband for his daughter, who ishis sole heir; but we care little for his will or for the shell so solemnlyplaced over the seal; we give the young maiden to him who has best knownhow to se cure our wavour (www.textkit.com/files/the_wasps.pdf.) This inturn shows the utter disregard for the laws of the city by the jurymen. .udfa60a2b19ecef63ac2a39e6ac9c47a1 , .udfa60a2b19ecef63ac2a39e6ac9c47a1 .postImageUrl , .udfa60a2b19ecef63ac2a39e6ac9c47a1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udfa60a2b19ecef63ac2a39e6ac9c47a1 , .udfa60a2b19ecef63ac2a39e6ac9c47a1:hover , .udfa60a2b19ecef63ac2a39e6ac9c47a1:visited , .udfa60a2b19ecef63ac2a39e6ac9c47a1:active { border:0!important; } .udfa60a2b19ecef63ac2a39e6ac9c47a1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udfa60a2b19ecef63ac2a39e6ac9c47a1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udfa60a2b19ecef63ac2a39e6ac9c47a1:active , .udfa60a2b19ecef63ac2a39e6ac9c47a1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udfa60a2b19ecef63ac2a39e6ac9c47a1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udfa60a2b19ecef63ac2a39e6ac9c47a1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udfa60a2b19ecef63ac2a39e6ac9c47a1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udfa60a2b19ecef63ac2a39e6ac9c47a1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udfa60a2b19ecef63ac2a39e6ac9c47a1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udfa60a2b19ecef63ac2a39e6ac9c47a1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udfa60a2b19ecef63ac2a39e6ac9c47a1 .udfa60a2b19ecef63ac2a39e6ac9c47a1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udfa60a2b19ecef63ac2a39e6ac9c47a1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Csis EssayThey rule according to what they see as best fit, despite what the lawsmight say and despite the actual best-fitted situation. Once again, thisoffers an amusing insight into the jurymens minds and the court system asa whole. With such an absolute disregard of the law, and a virtually slimto none chance of acquittal, Aristophanes desires to demonstrate that therereally is no need of such a court system. What is the point of justice,laws and a court system if they are not to be upheld or can easily bedisregarded at the jurymens discretion. Aristophanes is in turnexpressing that there is no need for a court system with such customs andbeliefs. Perhaps the most ludicrous and comical scene displaying Aristophanesview on the court system begins when Bdelycleon wins in the debate over hisfather and suggests Philocleon set up a court at home. Most would findthis ridiculous and humorous, however, Philocleon responds in claiming thatthe prophecies he has heard are coming true and that soon every Atheniancitizen would have a court set up in their home. If everyone was to have acourt at home, there would be virtually nothing to bring to court sinceeveryone would be more preoccupied with the court itself rather thancommitting any crime. As well, in turn the trials that would be held wouldmost likely more farcical then the idea for a home based court-systemitself as is later portrayed in the comedy. Aristophanes satire of thecourt system continues to prevail in the describing of the objectsPhilocleon is handed to complete his court. Firstly, he is given a thunder-mug should the time arise where he has to urinate. He is then handed so melentils and a fire should he get hungry and a cock is present should youdoze during some pleading, he may awaken you by crowing up there(www.textkit.com/files/the_wasps.pdf). Undoubtedly, all of these objectsare unnecessary in the court and it simply reiterates the fact thatPhilocleon should not be judging in the first place. A court system thatallows a judge to fall asleep during trial is completely preposterous. Toofurther reaffirm this satirical portrait of the Athenian courts,Aristophanes begins to exhibit Philocleons first trial. However, thiscourt case is unlike anything one might imagine. The trial has been heldto prosecute a dog for the theft of a piece of cheese. This comicallydisplays the point that the court system is a mockery and there really isno need for many of the cases that are presented. As well, before any ofthe arguments are heard Philocleon has already prejudged the defendant andhas agreed upon a guilty verdict. Again, Aristophanes wishes to presentthat this is quite typical in the court system at the time and he laughablyexpresses this in Philocleons words. However, the humor not only lies inthe words of the characters themselves but in the actions presented aswell. As part of the trial, Philocleon asks the witnesses of the act tocome forward. These witnesses, however, are a plate, a pestle, a cheeseknife, a brazier, a stew-pot and other half-burnt utensils and later addingto this scene of comedy, Philocleon then asks the grating knife to comeforward and asks it a question. This again demonstrates the lunacy thatlies within Philocleon, who is supposed to be a representative of the law. To further satirize the courts in Athens, Aristophanes then has Philocleoneasily deceived into giving a non-guilty verdict, despite the fact a guiltyverdict was already decided upon. This was accomplished in the simplest ofways as well. Bdelycleon merely gets Philocleon to place his voting pebblein the not-guilty urn. Being so distraught by this verdict Philocleon thenproceeds to give up judging all together. He cannot bear to continue afterletting an accused go free and agrees to the life that his son has wishedfor him. However, this life has left Philocleon being nothing more than adrunk and ironically he almost gets prosecuted himself. .ueab24dc1f19f5606bf97f7f3bdb8e38e , .ueab24dc1f19f5606bf97f7f3bdb8e38e .postImageUrl , .ueab24dc1f19f5606bf97f7f3bdb8e38e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ueab24dc1f19f5606bf97f7f3bdb8e38e , .ueab24dc1f19f5606bf97f7f3bdb8e38e:hover , .ueab24dc1f19f5606bf97f7f3bdb8e38e:visited , .ueab24dc1f19f5606bf97f7f3bdb8e38e:active { border:0!important; } .ueab24dc1f19f5606bf97f7f3bdb8e38e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ueab24dc1f19f5606bf97f7f3bdb8e38e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ueab24dc1f19f5606bf97f7f3bdb8e38e:active , .ueab24dc1f19f5606bf97f7f3bdb8e38e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ueab24dc1f19f5606bf97f7f3bdb8e38e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ueab24dc1f19f5606bf97f7f3bdb8e38e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ueab24dc1f19f5606bf97f7f3bdb8e38e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ueab24dc1f19f5606bf97f7f3bdb8e38e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ueab24dc1f19f5606bf97f7f3bdb8e38e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ueab24dc1f19f5606bf97f7f3bdb8e38e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ueab24dc1f19f5606bf97f7f3bdb8e38e .ueab24dc1f19f5606bf97f7f3bdb8e38e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ueab24dc1f19f5606bf97f7f3bdb8e38e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Chapter 28 The Digestive SystemAristophanes The Wasps is an excellent comedic portrayal of the courtsystem present in Athens. He wished to express the corruption of thesystem, the ludicrous claims and cases, the undying love of litigation bythe jurymen and the overall lack of justice itself. Through Philocleon, ajuryman, Aristophanes accomplishes all of this. First with his refusal toacquit any accused defendant, then his refusal to quit judging, thedecision upon a home based court, and lastly with the ludicrous trialitself.

Vietnam Essays (840 words) - American Forces Network, Vietnam War

Vietnam The movie "Good Morning, Vietnam" Directed by Barry Levinson and written by Mitch Markowitz Had a solid view, that was portrayed in many ways, on the roles of the North Vietnamese, South Vietnamese, and American Soldiers. It also depicted a clear picture of the Vietnamese Civilians and Viet Cong. The film began with a clear-cut portrayal of American Soldiers within the confounds of an office, and the discrepancies amongst the high ranking and higher ranking Officers. Robin Williams is introduced into the Movie as a humorous man meant to be a radio DJ for the American Soldiers fighting ?outside the Office'. The high-ranking officials in charge of the News broadcastings limited Adrian Cronauer (played by Robin Williams) to broadcast the most mild of new about the war to the soldiers; the very same soldiers who were fighting the war. In this was, the film maker practically hands over to the audience the fact that high ranking officials wanted to virtually blind-sight listeners into thinking that the war is only being fought in the hills...that it is, in fact, not real to them, but very distant. By doing this he shows how, by using propaganda, the news controlled out view [American view] and the soldier's views on the war that we were fighting. Misleading the masses to believe what the handful of major leaders felt was necessary for the masses to believe by keeping them mal-informed and blissfully ignorant of the actual situations at hand. Along with the portrayal of misconception within the confounds of the Vietnam War, the filmmaker successfully was able to serve the audience with the sight of individuals within each army confound. He created the antithesis of the ?faceless mass propaganda' that Dictators such as Hitler used to create a subhuman tag for their targets. Consider the fact that when a student reads about mass casualties in a war, decades before their time, they only see the number or ?statistic', and not the hundreds and thousands of men woman and children who each came from a home, who left their loved ones, and the individual loss each family suffered. Mitch Markowitz introduced an intimacy towards each individual soldier, and compassion to each death among the thousands, through Robin Williams' character. He also showed the innocents of the average soldier, how the soldiers conversed with the Vietnamese, continued to live their lives, and did not suddenly become emotionless robots. Along with the portrayal of individuality amongst the American Soldiers, Mitch Markowitz also represented the other sides of the war. In the Village which this story plot took place, there were images of families, children, and unique individuals within their habitual lives during the war in South Vietnam. The film didn't show the evils of communism, or the major advantages of Capitalism, simply the people and the quality of their lives without active interaction with the government that ruled over them. Mitch Markowitz, did in fact specifically point out, through the young South Vietnamese/ secret Viet Cong boy Tuan, who was befriended by Robin Williams, that The Americans were the Enemy, not the North Vietnamese OR the French. And through this outlook, implied that this was a wide spread belief during that time. The Americans were brought into Vietnam to bring down communism and support Southern Vietnam, yet, as the movie vividly exacted, the American Military brought much harm to the South Vietnamese. Since north and South Vietnamese look alike, the US soldiers didn't have the ability to differentiate between them, which brought on an onslaught of obvious problems. The Viet Cong were able to seek sanctuary among the villages as South Vietnamese during the day and reawaken as the infamous Viet Cong during the night. Therefor there were many innocent deaths due to mistaken identity, harboring the Viet Cong, and the casualties caused by the Viet Cong (as depicted with the bombing of a caf in the movie) which were not uncovered by the US military. But the US soldiers also impacted the Vietnamese with their presence in other ways. In the movie, Robin Williams served as a "part time" English teacher. This was an example of introducing the US western culture into the village, as it was in many villages. It also shows that, although there were boundaries to cross to overcome prejudice against Vietnamese as well as Asians in general, there were steps taken in the right direction with people like Adrian Cronauer. Also as well as Mitch Markowitz for making a movie which did not show his own Prejudices against the Vietnamese, but on the contrary,

The Comic Scenes Of Dr. Faustus Essays - Deal With The Devil

The Comic Scenes Of Dr. Faustus When I first began reading Dr. Faustus I did not even realize that there were comic scenes. Only after being told and after watching the movie did I realize that there were comic scenes. Many critics say that Christopher Marlowe did not even write these scenes, but instead say that they were written later by other playwrights. After realizing that there was in fact comedy in the play, I began to ponder why it was in the play. My first thought was that they were there to lighten the mood of such a dark and serious play. Any good playwright knows that you can't hold an audience's attention with hours of serious, deep and emotional content without also having something to lighten the mood. With this point of view I realized that it was very possible that Mr. Marlowe did not in fact write the comic sections of this play (I really wanted to believe that he wrote them), maybe a later playwright found that the play was too serious. The fact that I wanted Marlowe to be the author of the whole play (I don't like it when someone comes along a changes a piece of art, or that people say that someone changed it because it is just too good to be true) made me dig deeper to try and find something that sounded more sensible to me. I would have to say that it was eight lines in scene five that were spoken by Mephastophilis in response to a question from Faustus. These Lines were (pg.442 lines 110-125): Mephastophilis. Now Faustus, ask what thou wilt. Faustus. First will I question thee about hell: Tell me, where is the place that men call hell? Mephastophilis. Under the heavens. Faustus. Ay, but whereabouts? Mephastophilis. Within the bowels of these elements, Where we are tortured and remain forever. Hell hath no limits, nor is circumscribed In one self place; for where we are is hell, And where hell is, there we must ever be. And to conclude, when all the world dissolves, And every creature shall be purified, All places shall be hell that is not heaven. Not only is this some very powerful poetry but it seems to say everything about the comic scenes. After I read this part of the play I began to realize the reason why the comic scenes are in this play. What Mephistophilis seems to be saying is that everyone that is not in heaven, is in hell. This means that everyone on earth is in hell. Mephastophilis says exactly this; ?for where we are is hell?. How did these lines put the comic scenes into perspective for me? It made me look at the whole play in a different light. If everyone that is not in heaven is in hell, then everyone in this play is in hell and has committed some type of sin. The scene in which Lucifer comes with the Seven Deadly Sins (Pride, Covetousness, Wrath, Envy, Gluttony, Sloth and Lechery) depicted the ways which people commit sins. When I went back through the play and looked at after I was enlightened, I noticed that the comic scenes very much reflected the scenes with Dr. Faustus. Take for instance when Wagner conjured up Baliol and Belcher (Scene Four) this is almost exactly what Faustus did in the previous scenes. The comic scenes that seemed to reflect what Faustus did, also seemed to increase the readers knowledge of how powerful Faustus was. In all the scenes that other people tried to conjure up the devil, they could not handle the devils and usually failed in their attempts. Take for instance scene eight, lines twenty to forty-five, when Robin and Rafe conjured up Mephastophilis they could not handle the sight of him and he changed them into an ape and a dog respectively, because they were just playing games. This scene shows how powerful Dr. Faustus was and how seriously he took magic. The other comic scenes either showed how everyone in the play had committed some type of sin, or how Faustus used his magic to play childish pranks. Take scene five for example when the Clown and Wagner are talking: Clown. But do you hear? If I should serve you, would you teach

Three Strikes Law essays

Three Strikes Law essays The purpose of this study is to examine the efficacy of the three strikes law. The research study will document the impact of the three strikes law on criminal behavior and activity, in an attempt to assess whether the law and similar laws act as an effective deterrent to crime. The research will be conducted of criminal activity in three major cities across the United States. The three strikes law was developed in California as a mechanism meant to lengthen sentences and deter crime, especially crime committed by repeat offenders. Recent studies have suggested however, that the three strikes law is less effective than its initial intended. Among the problems cited by citizens include its tendency to unfairly discriminate against certain minority populations, and the tendency to sentence individuals who normally may be classified as non-violent, minor criminals, as felony offenders. A majority of these "felony offenders" are serving sentences that are generally from 25 years to life, for what might be considered relatively minor crimes. The aim of this study is to investigate to what extent the three strikes law has actually worked in deterring crime. In addition to this, this study proposes to examine to what extent the three strikes law has resulted in successful incarceration of potentially violent criminals. In order to accurately assess the efficacy of the three strikes law, I have developed the following preliminary hypothesis: Null Hypothesis: The three strikes law is not an effective deterrent of crime, and often results in the unnecessary incarceration of non-violent Alternative Hypothesis: The three strikes law is an effect crime deterrent, and is responsible for successfully reducing the proliferance of This study will also aspire to examine the extent to which three strikes laws may unfairly discriminate against certain minority populations. Part of my interest...

B300 TMA06 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

B300 TMA06 - Essay Example Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), which compose the bulk of the population of the Persian Gulf states, have a rapidly growing export base, as evidenced by a 12 percent increase in exports between 1990 and 1994. The region's international airports--Tehran International, Dubai, Jeddah, and Riyadh International--experienced more than a 50 percent increase in international air passengers between 1988 and 1994. The number of weekly international flights at Tehran International, Dubai International Airport, and Riyadh International increased by 6.3 percent from 1983 to 1993 (Withiam, 1994). In addition, the number of international markets served by Tehran, Dubai, and Riyadh has increased from twenty-two to 102 destinations in more than fifty-seven countries around the world (Journal of Commerce, 1994). Between 1983 and 1993, the region accounted for a 2.1 percent global market share in air passengers, and for 2.3 percent of the world's revenue passenger-kilometers in 1991, In 1992 the port of Sharja in the UAE handled 37,400 ton-equivalent units (TEU), a 146 percent increase over 1991, and about fifty-five thousand TEU in 1993. There is an increased inflow of international investment in this region. The region's major international strengths include oil and natural gas, major international airports, ports along the Persian Gulf, high disposable income per household, an educated labor force, a growing high technology industrial base, and world-class financial centers. In addition, the region is home to many international and regional organizations. In the aftermath of the Arab-Israeli peace accord, people feel more confident about the stability of the region.The region has many weaknesses. These weaknesses include a lack of positive image, a serious need for surface transportation improvements, a lack of efficient and speedy bureaucracies, a perceived high cost of doing business, inadequacies in the workforce, and the absence of a single entity to promote the region internationally. The Persian Gulf region has neither the competitive international reputation nor the economic-development focus of other compe ting regions. As such, it is not a priority location choice for American and Western European investors. The region possesses the basic assets and intellectual talents to compete with any region on the globe. However, it must operate, harmonize, and engage its combined resources to move forward in a deliberate effort to improve its international competitiveness ( Porter, 1986). The Middle East must have a regional business policy which will be crafted by a regional international business council. This business council will be made up of public and private sector representatives. The business council needs to make a long-term commitment to increase the Middle East region's international competitiveness and to develop an integrated strategy for marketing it more effectively. In order to reduce uncertainty and provide greater economic stability, the Gulf countries must unite and develop a business policy that will diversify their economies. For this business policy to work, they need to focus on foreign investment and technology, subsequently enhancing the countries' ability to attract, absorb, and become globally competitive. There are three pending urgent actions that the Gulf countries need to undertake. One, develop a spirit of public and private partnership. Two, improve the region's internat

Definition essay You Pick Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Definition You Pick - Essay Example During this time there were numerous protests and people of a certain political persuasion demanded to â€Å"Ban the Bomb.† People felt that WMDs—especially nuclear weapons—were a kind of genie let loose from a bottle. Once loose, every country would develop nuclear weapons and everyone would hold everyone else hostage. These fears were heightened when both India and Pakistan developed nuclear weapons about 10 years ago. And when North Korea declared itself a nuclear power three years ago. Fear of a nuclear Iran continue to dominate American and Israeli foreign policy. But there is more to weapons of mass destruction than nuclear weapons. There are chemical and nerve agents, there are biological agents such as plague and anthrax. Many governments are known to maintain WMD programs and they are part of many militaries’ attack plans. On the flip side, there are many treaties in place to block their use but some countries stockpile them and use them as a deterrent. They have been used in the First World War (mustard gas), the Second World War (the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki), and when Saddam Hussein used them against his own people (the Kurds), as well as in many other instances. The term entered the public domain in a very significant way during the Iraq War, when the American government said Saddam possessed WMDs and that was the main reason why they would have to invade Iraq. It was, however, very hard to finds these weapons in Iraq in the end. There were great debates at the time about whether he had an active program or whether he had dismantled it. In fact he had had a program in the past and had dismantled it, but had told everyone publicly that he still had it in order to deter his enemies. Because of the terms salience in the debate about the Iraq War, weapons of mass destruction was named word of the year in

Research papper about Landscape Artist J.M.W. Turner Essay

Research papper about Landscape Artist J.M.W. Turner - Essay Example John Constable, a contemporary of Turner’s, was of the opinion that â€Å"painting was another word for feeling†. A highly versatile and prolific artist, Turner created more than five hundred oil paintings and thousands of water colors, drawings and sketches, and numerous engravings over his long career of over sixty years. Turner developed quickly as an artist producing his earliest drawing in the 1780s. From the young age of fourteen he received training in art from the Royal Academy due to his enormous talent, and was made a full member by 1802. Turner’s penchant for serious reading of learned treatises on painting, literary and historical classics contributed to his vast range of mind (Rodner: 1-2). He won early and consistent patronage and popularity, though in later years some of his freely executed individualistic canvases met with controversy (Rodner:2). The Subject Matter of J.M.W. Turner’s Works: The artist covered an enormous range of subject matter, and was proficient in the use of both oils and watercolors. His paintings were extremely varied. Several works were on similar topics as a series of paintings on historical events, Biblical narrations, rural landscapes, industrialized towns, castles, rivers, marinescapes, rain, catastrophic storms and avalanches, Venetian land and waterscapes, sunsets and sunrises, sketches and engravings and many more. Turner’s versatility is seen in the many genres as well as schools of painting such as impressionism, post-impressionism, romanticism, etc. Turner’s life spanned one of the most innovative and influential phases of technological development. With industrialization came production and manufacturing, the expansion of cities, dramatic rise in population were great influences on his art. Turner’s watercolors of multistorey mills, fiery furnaces and polluted skies reflect the startling novelty of industrialism. The perfection of the steam boat, the introduction of the railroad, revolutionized